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English
- It was pouring. They cancelled the picnic.
- Since it was pouring, they cancelled the picnic.
- subordinate (dependent) clause + independent clause = complex sentence
- adverbial conjunction of reason
- alternatives to „since“: as, because
- They cancelled the picnic because it was pouring.
- there's no comma in front of a subordinate clause
- Due to the heavy rain, they cancelled the picnic.
- due to → what? → noun phrase
- Because of the heavy rain…
- Owing to… (formal), Thanks to…
- as a result of (formal/scientific)
- registers
- thanks to, because of – spoken language
- due to, owing to, as a result of – formal
- It was pouring, so they cancelled the picnic.
- so
- therefore
- thus
- hence
- register – so (common), that's why (written) → therefore → as a result, as a consequence → thus/hence (maths)
- "so" is special, it has a comma in front of it
- there can be semicolon in front
- Since there was a lack of interest in the subject, we decided to cancel the series.
- Due to the lack of interest in the subject…
- He was fed up with the way things were going, so / that's why he decided to quit.
- Since negotiations between our companies have stalled, we should come up with some new ideas before we continue, therefore I suggest we postpone meeting again until next month.
- "big words" – therefore, consequently
- public transport – phones should be banned
- so much more friends –
- beautiful city –
- eye contact?
- Due to banning the mobile phones in the public transport, we could make people appreciate the landscape of the city more.
- Since the bus can crash at any time, you should be paying attention and watching out for the accident.
- Thanks to the ban of the mobile phones, people would read more.
- As people are spending most of the time on their phones, they aren't engaged with adverts that much. As a consequence our proposal would increase the transportation companies revenue and thus decrease the ticket price.
- homework – text about banning smoking, answer questions
- What will happen on Sunday night?
- not mentioned in the text
- What will be lost? What will be gained?
- people will smoke less as there will be less places where they are allowed to
- Who is against it? Who is for it?
- tobacco companies, smokers, bars
- nonsmokers, American Nonsmokers' Rights Foundation
- it has been enacted in California, it was successful
- probably not
- laws: pass (parliament), enact, enforce
- ban – prohibition
- slip through the loopholes
- tighten/close the loophole
- loathe – despise, hate
- lament – grieve, mourn (the loss)
- zeal – passion
- incensed – furious
- stand firm in
- take a drag – to pull
- tough
- usher in – to lead into
- venue – a place where public events take place
- wispy – thin, unsubstantial
- hazy – unclear
- Because the NYC has a large population of smokers, the tax money from the Phillip Morris company will be lost and the citizens will have to pay it in their taxes.
- In addition, because of the ban, most venues will need to close down. As a result, the economy will suffer.
- As we have seen many times in the past, people will always find loopholes to bypass the law, therefore it is useless to introduce the ban – there will be just more of a bureaucracy for everyone.
- It was pouring. They held the picnic.
- situation → unexpected result
- contrast, concession
- Though it was pouring, they held the picnic.
- though, although, even though (the only difference is in the stress)
- In spite of the downpour, they held the picnic.
- in spite of, despite, regardless of
- It was pouring, but they held the picnic (anyway).
- but
- semicolon + comma: nevertheless, however, still, yet, even so, all the same
- linger (over) – to remain longer than necessary
- something can linger (in the air) – feeling, scent, doubt
- suspend sb from × expel
- it is a drag on sth = it retards / slows down / limits / holds back progress
- a hazy memory
- Alaska is cold. Florida is hot.
- opposition
- while, whereas – in the front or in the middle of a sentence
- While Alaska is cold, Florida is hot.
- unlike, in contrast to – with reduced clause
- Unlike Alaska, Florida is hot.
- but, however – they have two functions
- Alaska is cold, but Florida is hot.
- universal rule: if "but" connects two clauses, put comma in front of it (you can't be wrong)
- Alaska is cold; however, Florida is hot.
- on the other hand
- trams vs. buses
- buses seem to be more stuck in traffic
- trams are more used in the city centre, whereas buses are the only option in the outskirts
- trams are less bumpy
- While buses are more widespread, the trams are more comfortable and less bumpy. What is more, trams are rarely late, whereas buses are rarely on time; consequently, people prefer trams over buses where possible.
- hw
- writing: choose two opposing things (one paragraph), it has to be printed
- reading: smoking ban, pull out the pros and cons
- usher in the new year, a new era (of sth), an age, a way of doing, a new mindset, a new way of thinking, a new epoch
- linger: perfume, smells, odours, taste, lingering emotions, doubts, memories
- to linger over sth (prodlévat, zůstávat nad dobrým vínem…)
- suspend (an indefinite amount of time), expel, expulsion
- sth can drag on (něco se táhne, vleče)
- sth is a drag on – it retards, slows down (progress)
- to drag – to pull with effort
- hazy memory, day; hazy = unclear (noun: haze)
- lake can be cloudy, murky
- wispy – smoke rings, beard, hair
- savored – moment, atmosphere, food
- incense – infuriate, make angry
- backlash – strong negative reaction
- undermine – reduce credibility, weaken the foundation
- testify – give evidence (witnesses testify)
- chronic
- disperse
- transient – temporary (move quickly away)
- severe – serious (illness, wound), harsh (weather), strict (upbringing)
- jeopardize – to endanger, put in danger
- hazard – a risk, danger; to hazard a guess
- conflate – to join together two disparate ideas as one, to confuse (mix up)
- recur
- specious argument – zavádějící/klamný argument
- exacerbate – zhoršit, ztížit, popudit, rozhořčit
- hw: say it's good/bad, make some notes (about the article), add more arguments (for or against) + maths homework, 27–30 triangles (in the book)
- it's a bad idea
- it runs the risk of a backlash
- smoke quickly disperses in the open air
- people can move around to avoid intense exposure
- there is no evidence that the outdoor exposure to tobacco smoke can lead to substantial health damage
- bans like this may create smoke-filled areas near park entrances
- arguments for: if people don't have where to smoke, they are less likely to start smoking, less stubs in parks
- tu occur over and over – to recur (recurring dream)
- disperse – spread out, disappear, dissipate, scatter
- transitive × intransitive
- "last night, I hit" – not a sentence, hit is transitive
- "I walked" – walk is intransitive
- run the risk of doing sth
- the smoking ban
- cigarette butts everywhere × there's rubbish on the ground anyways
- it's better when people smoke outside than inside
- smoking is bad and harmful and it smells
- homework
- essay
- first paragraph = introduction
- we don't have to do for and against in the introduction
- 2 or 3 paragraphs body
- we can play both sides
- we have the grammar of concession
- we have to tell our (one) stance in the last paragraph
- use the grammar we know
- it has to be typed and printed
- double spacing
- theme: the ban on smoking outdoors (outdoor areas)
- we need to make a good cohesive argument (no size requirement)
- During the summer he completed the house he had started to build in the winter.
- While he was building it, he broke his finger.
- He had worked for the company for 5 years by which time / at which point he decided he had enough experience to go out on his own.
- On finding the elevator broken, he decided to walk.
- on -ing + noun phrase / that…
- upon is the same
- He had just / no sooner / hardly begun to walk up the stairs when the elevator began to work.
- I dislike you but I'm offering you the job.
- Much as I dislike you, I'm offering you the job.
- Little as I trust you, I'm lending you the money.
- Hard as it may seem, I'm applying for the job.
- can be prefixed by as (As hard as it may seem)
- get
- get thinner, become thinner, grow thinner
- leave home, go to work, get to the office / arrive at the office
- earn a degree
- get on – vycházet s někým
- get at – navážet se do někoho
- get up to – vyvádět, provést
- get by – vystačit si, vyžít (get by on your savings)
- get round to – dostat se k něčemu (najít si na to čas)
- get out of – vyvléct se z něčeho
- homework
- page 84 – text + exercise
- I had just came in when it started to rain.
- no sooner – for emphasis, (different register?), used with than
- hardly – not that much used
- inversion – used to ask questions
- He had no sooner begun to walk up the steps, than the elevator started to work.
- inverted: No sooner had he begun to walk up the steps, than the elevator started to work.
- just, no sooner, hardly, scarcely (we cannot use inversion with "just")
- write a story using these words (in any form – as verbs/nouns/adjectives…), 16:35, no dictionaries
- homework
- inversion worksheet
- maths – logic and sets 26/7, 8 + appendix (122, 123)
- zero conditional – general truth, "when" and "if" are interchangeable, the meaning is the same
- When he comes, we'll leave. – time phrase
- If he comes, we'll leave. – first conditional
- If present (or present perfect), future.
- we can change the probability – will (100% sure), can (probability), should (expectation), may, might…
- unless = if not
- if = provided that = so long as = as long as
- if you should… / if you happen to… / if you should happen to… = kdybys náhodou…
- Tuition might be instituted at the Czech universities next year.
- The Czech Republic is debating whether to join the EU.
- Distance learningb is being proposed as a future method of instruction at Czech universities.
- we choose one and we weight the pros and cons
- homework
- I have chosen tuition – we'll discuss in groups
- conjunctions worksheet
- Tuition might be instituted at the Czech universities next year.
- higher salaries for teachers
- more people would consider teaching → there would be better teachers?
- more money in state budget
- less students who can afford their studies
- homework
- maths – unit 3 (page 35, ex. 4, 5) + appendix p. 123–125
- second HW
- nebude vybírat
- lidi mají přání, o ideálních bytech
- napsat pár vět o svém ideálním bytě pomocí 2. kondicionálu
- on condition that he saves money
- on condition of his saving money
- tuition pros
- people would have to study useful things
- less people studying without an interest
- teachers' salaries might be higher
- more money in state budget
- more money can be used for research
- less money wasted
- tuition cons
- it would discriminate low income students
- it would cause student debt
- some fields of study would be underfunded
- changing one's field of study would be harder
- sentences
- If there are tuition fees, people would be encouraged to pick more useful degrees, and there would be less people studying without an interest.
- Provided that the fees result in an increased budget, the teachers' salaries might get higher, thus the quality of teaching might increase.
- Also, more money could be used for the research.
- However, the fees would discriminate against low income students as they would have to take out student loans.
- As long as there are fees, some fields of study might be underfunded.
- Furthermore, changing one's field of study would be less desirable, because they have already paid a lot of money for their current degree.
- Therefore, we do not recommend instituting the tuition fees.
- Martin is in class.
- Martin wishes (that) he was/were at home, but he isn't.
- subjunctive → were
- unreal present = past
- He wishes he were sleeping.
- I wish he called me.
- I wish he would call me.
- would 1. makes it less likely or 2. pushes it into the future (or both)
- I wish = if only
- If + past tense, would/could + root verb = present unreal
- if I moved × if I were to move (less likely)
- stack × pile, heap
- desolate – isolated, abandoned, without life
- dingy – dirty, small (dingy pub = joint = pajzl)
- coffin
- cram sth into – jam, stuff sth in…
- sth is crammed – full of people, crowded
- cram for a test
- desperate – to have no hope
- neat – cool, tidy, organized
- neat × messy
- homework
- If I had a balcony, I could eat my breakfast there in summer.
- If my apartment had a bathroom, I wouldn't have to use the shared one.
- If there was a washing machine in my apartment, I could wash my clothes easily.
- If I had my own kitchen in my apartment, I would cook more.
- homework
- unit 3 – pages 37–39 (circles)
- apartment – place, location, size, architecture, orientation
- Michal
- house
- smaller town near bigger city
- privacy
- newly built
- Vítek
- flat
- Prague / outskirts
- wall sockets
- close to stores, trams/metro
- can be tiny
- occasional parties
- I wish there weren't that much traffic in the centre of Prague. If there weren't that many cars, the trams would not be delayed that often.
- I wish those floods hadn't had happen. If there hadn't been those terrible floods, they wouldn't have destroyed that many houses.
- alternative: I wish there hadn't been floods. If there hadn't, it would be nice.
- I wish I had been born elsewhere. If I had been born in Ostrava, I could have met some interesting people there.
- něco málo z matematických domácích úkolů bude na matematickém kvízu 9. května (ve stejnou hodinu bude i test)
- mixed conditional
- If I had listened to my doctor, I would have exercised more and I would be much healthier now.
- If I hadn't fiddled around with the TV set, I wouldn't have damaged HDMI connector and the TV could be working.
- If we hadn't met at that party, I wouldn't have started dating you and we wouldn't be married now.
- discoveries/inventions – airplane, wheel, electricity, car, fertilizers/pesticides, penicillin, radio, printing press, steam engine, microscope, lense (contact), LEGO
- If the radio hadn't been invented
- most people would still read newspapers
- information would not spread that fast and the progress of scientific development would be way slower
- there would not be any Wi-Fi
- it would be harder to communicate during natural disasters
- the radar wouldn't have been invented, therefore there would not be that good weather forecast
- there could not be any efficient space-earth communication
- test = vocabulary
- homework
- writing – think of my own topic (use my imagination)
- three paragraphs – three ideas (but one invention/discovery)
- use past + present, combine them, play with it
- print it
- double spaced
- should be similar to the car stuff
- test = gramatika + slovíčka
- kvíz = matematika z domácích úkolů
- linger, wispy, run the risk, incense, much as I
- I came to a bar once, there was a lingering smell of cigarettes. At the bar, I met a guy who ran a company which sold incense, and he asked me to invest in the business. He was fairly convincing and I fell for his wispy hair so I agreed and ran the risk. And much as I know it was successful.
- I went to a church once, there was a lingering smell of incense. I saw a guy standing near the entrance to the cathedral. He seemed really nice, and I fell for his wispy hair, so I ran the risk and asked him out for a date. And much as I know it was successful, because now we have two kids.
- should be: And as far as I know…
- much as = even though