English

reason → expected result

• subordinate (dependent) clause + independent clause = complex sentence
• adverbial conjunction of reason
• alternatives to „since“: as, because

there's no comma in front of a subordinate clause

• due to → what? → noun phrase
• Because of the heavy rain…
• Owing to… (formal), Thanks to…
• as a result of (formal/scientific)
• registers
  • thanks to, because of – spoken language
  • due to, owing to, as a result of – formal

• so
• therefore
• thus
• hence
• register – so (common), that's why (written) → therefore → as a result, as a consequence → thus/hence (maths)
• "so" is special, it has a comma in front of it
• there can be semicolon in front

• so much more friends –
• beautiful city –
• eye contact?
• Due to banning the mobile phones in the public transport, we could make people appreciate the landscape of the city more.
• Since the bus can crash at any time, you should be paying attention and watching out for the accident.
• Thanks to the ban of the mobile phones, people would read more.
• As people are spending most of the time on their phones, they aren't engaged with adverts that much. As a consequence our proposal would increase the transportation companies revenue and thus decrease the ticket price.

• What will happen on Sunday night?
  • not mentioned in the text
• What will be lost? What will be gained?
  • people will smoke less as there will be less places where they are allowed to
• Who is against it? Who is for it?
  • tobacco companies, smokers, bars
  • nonsmokers, American Nonsmokers' Rights Foundation
• it has been enacted in California, it was successful
• probably not

• situation → unexpected result
• contrast, concession

though, although, even though (the only difference is in the stress)

in spite of, despite, regardless of

• but
• semicolon + comma: nevertheless, however, still, yet, even so, all the same

• opposition
• while, whereas – in the front or in the middle of a sentence
  • While Alaska is cold, Florida is hot.
• unlike, in contrast to – with reduced clause
  • Unlike Alaska, Florida is hot.
• but, however – they have two functions
  • Alaska is cold, but Florida is hot.
    • universal rule: if "but" connects two clauses, put comma in front of it (you can't be wrong)
  • Alaska is cold; however, Florida is hot.
• on the other hand

• buses seem to be more stuck in traffic
• trams are more used in the city centre, whereas buses are the only option in the outskirts
• trams are less bumpy
• While buses are more widespread, the trams are more comfortable and less bumpy. What is more, trams are rarely late, whereas buses are rarely on time; consequently, people prefer trams over buses where possible.

• writing: choose two opposing things (one paragraph), it has to be printed
  • something interesting
• reading: smoking ban, pull out the pros and cons

lake can be cloudy, murky

• it's a bad idea
• it runs the risk of a backlash
• smoke quickly disperses in the open air
• people can move around to avoid intense exposure
• there is no evidence that the outdoor exposure to tobacco smoke can lead to substantial health damage
• bans like this may create smoke-filled areas near park entrances
• arguments for: if people don't have where to smoke, they are less likely to start smoking, less stubs in parks

• "last night, I hit" – not a sentence, hit is transitive
• "I walked" – walk is intransitive

• cigarette butts everywhere × there's rubbish on the ground anyways
• it's better when people smoke outside than inside
• smoking is bad and harmful and it smells

• essay
• first paragraph = introduction
  • we don't have to do for and against in the introduction
• 2 or 3 paragraphs body
• we can play both sides
• we have the grammar of concession
• we have to tell our (one) stance in the last paragraph
• use the grammar we know
• it has to be typed and printed
• double spacing
• theme: the ban on smoking outdoors (outdoor areas)
• we need to make a good cohesive argument (no size requirement)

• on -ing + noun phrase / that…
• upon is the same

• Much as I dislike you, I'm offering you the job.
• Little as I trust you, I'm lending you the money.
• Hard as it may seem, I'm applying for the job.
• can be prefixed by as (As hard as it may seem)

• get thinner, become thinner, grow thinner
• leave home, go to work, get to the office / arrive at the office
• earn a degree
• get on – vycházet s někým
• get at – navážet se do někoho
• get up to – vyvádět, provést
• get by – vystačit si, vyžít (get by on your savings)
• get round to – dostat se k něčemu (najít si na to čas)
• get out of – vyvléct se z něčeho

• page 84 – text + exercise

• no sooner – for emphasis, (different register?), used with than
• hardly – not that much used

• He had no sooner begun to walk up the steps, than the elevator started to work.
• inverted: No sooner had he begun to walk up the steps, than the elevator started to work.

• inversion worksheet
• maths – logic and sets 26/7, 8 + appendix (122, 123)

• If present (or present perfect), future.
• we can change the probability – will (100% sure), can (probability), should (expectation), may, might…
• unless = if not
• if = provided that = so long as = as long as
• if you should… / if you happen to… / if you should happen to… = kdybys náhodou…

• I have chosen tuition – we'll discuss in groups
• conjunctions worksheet

• higher salaries for teachers
  • more people would consider teaching → there would be better teachers?
• more money in state budget
• less students who can afford their studies

• maths – unit 3 (page 35, ex. 4, 5) + appendix p. 123–125
• second HW
  • nebude vybírat
  • lidi mají přání, o ideálních bytech
  • napsat pár vět o svém ideálním bytě pomocí 2. kondicionálu

• people would have to study useful things
• less people studying without an interest
• teachers' salaries might be higher
• more money in state budget
• more money can be used for research
• less money wasted

• it would discriminate low income students
• it would cause student debt
• some fields of study would be underfunded
• changing one's field of study would be harder

• If there are tuition fees, people would be encouraged to pick more useful degrees, and there would be less people studying without an interest.
• Provided that the fees result in an increased budget, the teachers' salaries might get higher, thus the quality of teaching might increase.
• Also, more money could be used for the research.
• However, the fees would discriminate against low income students as they would have to take out student loans.
• As long as there are fees, some fields of study might be underfunded.
• Furthermore, changing one's field of study would be less desirable, because they have already paid a lot of money for their current degree.
• Therefore, we do not recommend instituting the tuition fees.

• subjunctive → were
• unreal present = past

would 1. makes it less likely or 2. pushes it into the future (or both)

• If I had a balcony, I could eat my breakfast there in summer.
• If my apartment had a bathroom, I wouldn't have to use the shared one.
• If there was a washing machine in my apartment, I could wash my clothes easily.
• If I had my own kitchen in my apartment, I would cook more.

unit 3 – pages 37–39 (circles)

• house
• smaller town near bigger city
• privacy
• newly built

• flat
• Prague / outskirts
• wall sockets
• close to stores, trams/metro
• can be tiny
• occasional parties

alternative: I wish there hadn't been floods. If there hadn't, it would be nice.

• most people would still read newspapers
• information would not spread that fast and the progress of scientific development would be way slower
• there would not be any Wi-Fi
• it would be harder to communicate during natural disasters
• the radar wouldn't have been invented, therefore there would not be that good weather forecast
• there could not be any efficient space-earth communication

• writing – think of my own topic (use my imagination)
  • three paragraphs – three ideas (but one invention/discovery)
  • use past + present, combine them, play with it
  • print it
  • double spaced
  • should be similar to the car stuff

should be: And as far as I know…