# English - It was pouring. They cancelled the picnic. - reason → expected result - Since it was pouring, they cancelled the picnic. - subordinate (dependent) clause + independent clause = complex sentence - adverbial conjunction of reason - alternatives to „since“: as, because - They cancelled the picnic because it was pouring. - there's no comma in front of a subordinate clause - Due to the heavy rain, they cancelled the picnic. - due to → what? → noun phrase - Because of the heavy rain… - Owing to… (formal), Thanks to… - as a result of (formal/scientific) - registers - thanks to, because of – spoken language - due to, owing to, as a result of – formal - It was pouring, so they cancelled the picnic. - so - therefore - thus - hence - register – so (common), that's why (written) → therefore → as a result, as a consequence → thus/hence (maths) - "so" is special, it has a comma in front of it - there can be semicolon in front - Since there was a lack of interest in the subject, we decided to cancel the series. - Due to the lack of interest in the subject… - He was fed up with the way things were going, so / that's why he decided to quit. - Since negotiations between our companies have stalled, we should come up with some new ideas before we continue, therefore I suggest we postpone meeting again until next month. - "big words" – therefore, consequently - public transport – phones should be banned - so much more friends – - beautiful city – - eye contact? - Due to banning the mobile phones in the public transport, we could make people appreciate the landscape of the city more. - Since the bus can crash at any time, you should be paying attention and watching out for the accident. - Thanks to the ban of the mobile phones, people would read more. - As people are spending most of the time on their phones, they aren't engaged with adverts that much. As a consequence our proposal would increase the transportation companies revenue and thus decrease the ticket price. - homework – text about banning smoking, answer questions - What will happen on Sunday night? - not mentioned in the text - What will be lost? What will be gained? - people will smoke less as there will be less places where they are allowed to - Who is against it? Who is for it? - tobacco companies, smokers, bars - nonsmokers, American Nonsmokers' Rights Foundation - it has been enacted in California, it was successful - probably not --- - laws: pass (parliament), enact, enforce - ban – prohibition - slip through the loopholes - tighten/close the loophole - loathe – despise, hate - lament – grieve, mourn (the loss) - zeal – passion - incensed – furious - stand firm in - take a drag – to pull - tough - usher in – to lead into - venue – a place where public events take place - wispy – thin, unsubstantial - hazy – unclear - Because the NYC has a large population of smokers, the tax money from the Phillip Morris company will be lost and the citizens will have to pay it in their taxes. - In addition, because of the ban, most venues will need to close down. As a result, the economy will suffer. - As we have seen many times in the past, people will always find loopholes to bypass the law, therefore it is useless to introduce the ban – there will be just more of a bureaucracy for everyone. - It was pouring. They held the picnic. - situation → unexpected result - contrast, concession - Though it was pouring, they held the picnic. - though, although, even though (the only difference is in the stress) - In spite of the downpour, they held the picnic. - in spite of, despite, regardless of - It was pouring, but they held the picnic (anyway). - but - semicolon + comma: nevertheless, however, still, yet, even so, all the same --- - linger (over) – to remain longer than necessary - something can linger (in the air) – feeling, scent, doubt - suspend sb from × expel - **it is a drag on sth** = it retards / slows down / limits / holds back progress - a hazy memory - Alaska is cold. Florida is hot. - opposition - while, whereas – in the front or in the middle of a sentence - While Alaska is cold, Florida is hot. - unlike, in contrast to – with reduced clause - Unlike Alaska, Florida is hot. - but, however – they have two functions - Alaska is cold, but Florida is hot. - universal rule: if "but" connects two clauses, put comma in front of it (you can't be wrong) - Alaska is cold; however, Florida is hot. - on the other hand - trams vs. buses - buses seem to be more stuck in traffic - trams are more used in the city centre, whereas buses are the only option in the outskirts - trams are less bumpy - While buses are more widespread, the trams are more comfortable and less bumpy. What is more, trams are rarely late, whereas buses are rarely on time; consequently, people prefer trams over buses where possible. - hw - writing: choose two opposing things (one paragraph), it has to be printed - something interesting - reading: smoking ban, pull out the pros and cons --- - usher in the new year, a new era (of sth), an age, a way of doing, a new mindset, a new way of thinking, a new epoch - linger: perfume, smells, odours, taste, lingering emotions, doubts, memories - to linger over sth (prodlévat, zůstávat nad dobrým vínem…) - suspend (an indefinite amount of time), expel, expulsion - sth can drag on (něco se táhne, vleče) - sth is a drag on – it retards, slows down (progress) - to drag – to pull with effort - hazy memory, day; hazy = unclear (noun: haze) - lake can be cloudy, murky - wispy – smoke rings, beard, hair - savored – moment, atmosphere, food - incense – infuriate, make angry - backlash – strong negative reaction - undermine – reduce credibility, weaken the foundation - testify – give evidence (witnesses testify) - chronic - disperse - transient – temporary (move quickly away) - severe – serious (illness, wound), harsh (weather), strict (upbringing) - jeopardize – to endanger, put in danger - hazard – a risk, danger; to hazard a guess - conflate – to join together two disparate ideas as one, to confuse (mix up) - recur - specious argument – zavádějící/klamný argument - exacerbate – zhoršit, ztížit, popudit, rozhořčit - hw: say it's good/bad, make some notes (about the article), add more arguments (for or against) + maths homework, 27–30 triangles (in the book) - it's a bad idea - it runs the risk of a backlash - smoke quickly disperses in the open air - people can move around to avoid intense exposure - there is no evidence that the outdoor exposure to tobacco smoke can lead to substantial health damage - bans like this may create smoke-filled areas near park entrances - arguments for: if people don't have where to smoke, they are less likely to start smoking, less stubs in parks --- - tu occur over and over – to recur (recurring dream) - disperse – spread out, disappear, dissipate, scatter - transitive × intransitive - "last night, I hit" – not a sentence, hit is transitive - "I walked" – walk is intransitive - run the risk of doing sth - the smoking ban - cigarette butts everywhere × there's rubbish on the ground anyways - it's better when people smoke outside than inside - smoking is bad and harmful and it smells - homework - essay - first paragraph = introduction - we don't have to do for and against in the introduction - 2 or 3 paragraphs body - we can play both sides - we have the grammar of concession - we have to tell our (one) stance in the last paragraph - use the grammar we know - it has to be typed and printed - double spacing - theme: the ban on smoking outdoors (outdoor areas) - we need to make a good cohesive argument (no size requirement) --- - **During** the summer he completed the house he had started to build in the winter. - **While** he was building it, he broke his finger. - He had worked for the company for 5 years **by which time / at which point** he decided he had enough experience to go out on his own. - **On finding** the elevator broken, he decided to walk. - on -ing + noun phrase / that… - *upon* is the same - He had **just / no sooner / hardly** begun to walk up the stairs when the elevator began to work. - I dislike you but I'm offering you the job. - **Much as** I dislike you, I'm offering you the job. - **Little as** I trust you, I'm lending you the money. - **Hard as** it may seem, I'm applying for the job. - can be prefixed by **as** (As hard as it may seem) - get - get thinner, become thinner, grow thinner - leave home, go to work, get to the office / arrive at the office - earn a degree - get on – vycházet s někým - get at – navážet se do někoho - get up to – vyvádět, provést - get by – vystačit si, vyžít (get by on your savings) - get round to – dostat se k něčemu (najít si na to čas) - get out of – vyvléct se z něčeho - homework - page 84 – text + exercise --- - I had just came in when it started to rain. - no sooner – for emphasis, (different register?), used with **than** - hardly – not that much used - inversion – used to ask questions - He had **no sooner** begun to walk up the steps, **than** the elevator started to work. - inverted: No sooner had he begun to walk up the steps, than the elevator started to work. - just, no sooner, hardly, scarcely (we cannot use inversion with "just") - write a story using these words (in any form – as verbs/nouns/adjectives…), 16:35, no dictionaries - homework - inversion worksheet - maths – logic and sets 26/7, 8 + appendix (122, 123) --- - zero conditional – general truth, "when" and "if" are interchangeable, the meaning is the same - When he comes, we'll leave. – time phrase - If he comes, we'll leave. – first conditional - If present (or present perfect), future. - we can change the probability – will (100% sure), can (probability), should (expectation), may, might… - unless = if not - if = provided that = so long as = as long as - if you should… / if you happen to… / if you should happen to… = kdybys náhodou… - Tuition might be instituted at the Czech universities next year. - The Czech Republic is debating whether to join the EU. - Distance learningb is being proposed as a future method of instruction at Czech universities. - we choose one and we weight the pros and cons - homework - I have chosen tuition – we'll discuss in groups - conjunctions worksheet - Tuition might be instituted at the Czech universities next year. - higher salaries for teachers - more people would consider teaching → there would be better teachers? - more money in state budget - less students who can afford their studies --- - homework - maths – unit 3 (page 35, ex. 4, 5) + appendix p. 123–125 - second HW - nebude vybírat - lidi mají přání, o ideálních bytech - napsat pár vět o svém ideálním bytě pomocí 2. kondicionálu - on condition that he saves money - on condition of his saving money - tuition pros - people would have to study useful things - less people studying without an interest - teachers' salaries might be higher - more money in state budget - more money can be used for research - less money wasted - tuition cons - it would discriminate low income students - it would cause student debt - some fields of study would be underfunded - changing one's field of study would be harder - sentences - If there are tuition fees, people would be encouraged to pick more useful degrees, and there would be less people studying without an interest. - Provided that the fees result in an increased budget, the teachers' salaries might get higher, thus the quality of teaching might increase. - Also, more money could be used for the research. - However, the fees would discriminate against low income students as they would have to take out student loans. - As long as there are fees, some fields of study might be underfunded. - Furthermore, changing one's field of study would be less desirable, because they have already paid a lot of money for their current degree. - Therefore, we do not recommend instituting the tuition fees. - Martin is in class. - Martin wishes (that) he was/were at home, but he isn't. - subjunctive → were - unreal present = past - He wishes he were sleeping. - I wish he called me. - I wish he would call me. - *would* 1. makes it less likely or 2. pushes it into the future (or both) - I wish = if only - If + past tense, would/could + root verb = present unreal - if I moved × if I *were to* move (less likely) - stack × pile, heap - desolate – isolated, abandoned, without life - dingy – dirty, small (dingy pub = joint = *pajzl*) - coffin - cram sth into – jam, stuff sth in… - sth is crammed – full of people, crowded - cram for a test - desperate – to have no hope - neat – cool, tidy, organized - neat × messy - homework - If I had a balcony, I could eat my breakfast there in summer. - If my apartment had a bathroom, I wouldn't have to use the shared one. - If there was a washing machine in my apartment, I could wash my clothes easily. - If I had my own kitchen in my apartment, I would cook more. --- - homework - unit 3 – pages 37–39 (circles) - apartment – place, location, size, architecture, orientation - Michal - house - smaller town near bigger city - privacy - newly built - Vítek - flat - Prague / outskirts - wall sockets - close to stores, trams/metro - can be tiny - occasional parties - I wish there weren't that much traffic in the centre of Prague. If there weren't that many cars, the trams would not be delayed that often. - I wish those floods hadn't had happen. If there hadn't been those terrible floods, they wouldn't have destroyed that many houses. - alternative: I wish there hadn't been floods. If there hadn't, it would be nice. - I wish I had been born elsewhere. If I had been born in Ostrava, I could have met some interesting people there. --- - něco málo z matematických domácích úkolů bude na matematickém kvízu 9. května (ve stejnou hodinu bude i test) - mixed conditional - If I had listened to my doctor, I would have exercised more and I would be much healthier now. - If I hadn't fiddled around with the TV set, I wouldn't have damaged HDMI connector and the TV could be working. - If we hadn't met at that party, I wouldn't have started dating you and we wouldn't be married now. - discoveries/inventions – airplane, wheel, electricity, car, fertilizers/pesticides, penicillin, radio, printing press, steam engine, microscope, lense (contact), LEGO - If the radio hadn't been invented - most people would still read newspapers - information would not spread that fast and the progress of scientific development would be way slower - there would not be any Wi-Fi - it would be harder to communicate during natural disasters - the radar wouldn't have been invented, therefore there would not be that good weather forecast - there could not be any efficient space-earth communication - test = vocabulary - homework - writing – think of my own topic (use my imagination) - three paragraphs – three ideas (but one invention/discovery) - use past + present, combine them, play with it - print it - double spaced - should be similar to the car stuff --- - test = gramatika + slovíčka - kvíz = matematika z domácích úkolů - linger, wispy, run the risk, incense, much as I - I came to a bar once, there was a lingering smell of cigarettes. At the bar, I met a guy who ran a company which sold incense, and he asked me to invest in the business. He was fairly convincing and I fell for his wispy hair so I agreed and ran the risk. And much as I know it was successful. - I went to a church once, there was a lingering smell of incense. I saw a guy standing near the entrance to the cathedral. He seemed really nice, and I fell for his wispy hair, so I ran the risk and asked him out for a date. And much as I know it was successful, because now we have two kids. - should be: And as far as I know… - much as = even though